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Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, [8] or as a branch of mathematics. [9] Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data ...
Statistic. A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is any quantity computed from values in a sample which is considered for a statistical purpose. Statistical purposes include estimating a population parameter, describing a sample, or evaluating a hypothesis. The average (or mean) of sample values is a statistic.
History of statistics. Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign states . In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population. This was later extended to include all collections of ...
Mathematical statistics is the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. Specific mathematical techniques which are used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure theory. [1] [2]
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population ). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. [1] When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding ...
t. e. Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution of probability. [1] Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.
Research. A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of information, [1] while descriptive statistics (in the mass noun sense) is the process of using and analysing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from inferential ...
Statistical significance. In statistical hypothesis testing, [1] [2] a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true. [3] More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that ...