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2. Degree (graph theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)

   In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. [1] The degree of a vertex is denoted or . The maximum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees.

3. Graph operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_operations

   Elementary operations or editing operations, which are also known as graph edit operations, create a new graph from one initial one by a simple local change, such as addition or deletion of a vertex or of an edge, merging and splitting of vertices, edge contraction, etc. The graph edit distance between a pair of graphs is the minimum number of ...

4. Geometric series - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series

   In mathematics, a geometric series is the sum of an infinite number of terms that have a constant ratio between successive terms. For example, the series. is geometric, because each successive term can be obtained by multiplying the previous term by .

5. Arithmetic progression - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_progression

   Arithmetic progression. An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence (AP) is a sequence of numbers such that the difference from any succeeding term to its preceding term remains constant throughout the sequence. The constant difference is called common difference of that arithmetic progression. For instance, the sequence 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ...

6. Summation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation

   t. e. In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.

7. Handshaking lemma - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshaking_lemma

   In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the handshaking lemma is the statement that, in every finite undirected graph, the number of vertices that touch an odd number of edges is even. For example, if there is a party of people who shake hands, the number of people who shake an odd number of other people's hands is even. [ 1]

8. Riemann sum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum

   In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum. It is named after nineteenth century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann . One very common application is in numerical integration , i.e., approximating the area of functions or lines on a graph, where it is also known as the rectangle rule .

9. Graph (discrete mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)

   A graph with six vertices and seven edges. In discrete mathematics, particularly in graph theory, a graph is a structure consisting of a set of objects where some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related". The objects are represented by abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices ...