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The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization, stating that the disease has no treatment. [1]
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [2] [7] These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. [7] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. [1]
1939 – American Dr. Charles Huggins uses synthetic hormone therapy to treat prostate cancer [10] 1942 – First chemotherapy drug mustine used to treat cancer [11] 1947 – American Dr. Sidney Farber induces brief remission in a patient with leukaemia with the antifolate drug aminopterin ( methotrexate) [4]
Cancer is caused by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. The basic cause of sporadic (non-familial) cancers is DNA damage and genomic instability. [ 1][ 2] A minority of cancers are due to inherited genetic mutations. [ 3] Most cancers are related to environmental, lifestyle, or behavioral exposures. [ 4]
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. [1] The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος ( ónkos ), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass". [2] Oncology is concerned with:
Sidney Farber is regarded as the father of modern chemotherapy.. Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries. Early research focused on the causes of cancer. [1] Percivall Pott identified the first environmental trigger (chimney soot) for cancer in 1775 and cigarette smoking was identified as a cause of lung cancer in 1950.
The most frequent liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers, is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [15] HCC is a cancer formed by liver cells, known as hepatocytes, that become malignant. In terms of cancer deaths, worldwide HCC is considered the 3rd most common cause of cancer mortalities. [16]
685,000 (global, 2020) [6] Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. [7] Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. [1] In those with distant spread of the ...