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Making the window. The first step in making the window was the design, a colored drawing about one-tenth of full size, made for the approval of the master builder and the patron of the windows. This plan showed the design of the lead and iron framework that held the glass together, and the colors of each piece.
Until the 20th century, window glass production involved blowing a cylinder and flattening it. Two major methods to make window glass, the crown method and the cylinder method, were used until the process was changed much later in the 1920s. All glass products must then be cooled gradually , or else they could easily break.
The Flatiron Building, New York City, shortly after its construction in 1903. The earliest stage of skyscraper design encompasses buildings built between 1884 and 1945, predominantly in the American cities of New York and Chicago. Cities in the United States were traditionally made up of low-rise buildings, but significant economic growth after ...
An atmospheric window is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the atmosphere of Earth. The optical, infrared and radio windows comprise the three main atmospheric windows. [2] The windows provide direct channels for Earth's surface to receive electromagnetic energy from the Sun, and for thermal radiation from the ...
Glass is an amorphous ( non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass like "a glass" of water, "glasses", and "magnifying glass", are named after the material. Glass is ...
Extremely large telescope. An extremely large telescope ( ELT) is an astronomical observatory featuring an optical telescope with an aperture for its primary mirror from 20 metres up to 100 metres across, [1] [2] when discussing reflecting telescopes of optical wavelengths including ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared wavelengths.
The antidote to economic decline and social decay, the book argued, lay in the individual choices of the working-classes, who Vance accused of “truly irrational behaviour” and “spending our ...
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. [1] Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window generally projects from an upper floor, but is also sometimes used on the ground floor. Oriel windows are seen in Arab architecture in the form of ...