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Euler's proof. Euler wrote the first proof of the fact that e is irrational in 1737 (but the text was only published seven years later). [1] [2] [3] He computed the representation of e as a simple continued fraction, which is. Since this continued fraction is infinite and every rational number has a terminating continued fraction, e is irrational.
Irrational number. The number √ 2 is irrational. In mathematics, the irrational numbers ( in- + rational) are all the real numbers that are not rational numbers. That is, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also ...
Proof by infinite descent. In mathematics, a proof by infinite descent, also known as Fermat's method of descent, is a particular kind of proof by contradiction [1] used to show that a statement cannot possibly hold for any number, by showing that if the statement were to hold for a number, then the same would be true for a smaller number ...
v. t. e. In the 1760s, Johann Heinrich Lambert was the first to prove that the number π is irrational, meaning it cannot be expressed as a fraction , where and are both integers. In the 19th century, Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus.
The square root of 2 (approximately 1.4142) is a real number that, when multiplied by itself or squared, equals the number 2. It may be written in mathematics as 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} or 2 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 2^{1/2}} .
Complex conjugate root theorem. In mathematics, the complex conjugate root theorem states that if P is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients, and a + bi is a root of P with a and b real numbers, then its complex conjugate a − bi is also a root of P. [1] It follows from this (and the fundamental theorem of algebra) that, if the ...
Apéry's theorem. In mathematics, Apéry's theorem is a result in number theory that states the Apéry's constant ζ (3) is irrational. That is, the number. cannot be written as a fraction where p and q are integers. The theorem is named after Roger Apéry . The special values of the Riemann zeta function at even integers ( ) can be shown in ...
Calculus. In mathematics, the harmonic series is the infinite series formed by summing all positive unit fractions : The first terms of the series sum to approximately , where is the natural logarithm and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. Because the logarithm has arbitrarily large values, the harmonic series does not have a finite limit: it ...