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2. Kelly criterion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_criterion

   In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate. John Larry Kelly Jr., a researcher at Bell Labs, described the criterion in ...

3. Profit margin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_margin

   Net profit margin is net profit divided by revenue. Net profit is calculated as revenue minus all expenses from total sales. Example. A company has $1,000,000 in revenue, $600,000 in COGS, $200,000 in operating expenses, and $50,000 in taxes. Net profit is $150,000, and net profit margin is (150,000 / 1,000,000) x 100 = 15%.

4. Pythagorean expectation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_expectation

   Initially the correlation between the formula and actual winning percentage was simply an experimental observation. In 2003, Hein Hundal provided an inexact derivation of the formula and showed that the Pythagorean exponent was approximately 2/(σ √ π) where σ was the standard deviation of runs scored by all teams divided by the average number of runs scored. [8]

5. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   Order of operations. In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression . These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and ...

6. Optimal stopping - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_stopping

   In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping [1] [2] or early stopping [3] is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost. Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the ...

7. Financial ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_ratio

   A financial ratio or accounting ratio states the relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers ...