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Concrete degradation may have many different causes. Concrete is mostly damaged by the corrosion of reinforcement bars due to the carbonatation of hardened cement paste or chloride attack under wet conditions. Chemical damage is caused by the formation of expansive products produced by chemical reactions (from carbonatation, chlorides, sulfates ...
Rocks stained by ferrous precipitate from acid mine drainage on Shamokin Creek in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage ( AMD ), or acid rock drainage ( ARD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines and coal mines. [citation needed] Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some ...
Mine reclamation is the process of modifying land that has been mined to ecologically functional or economically usable state. Although the process of mine reclamation occurs once mining is completed, the planning of mine reclamation activities occurs prior to a mine being permitted or started. [1] Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes ...
Phosphate conversion coating is a chemical treatment applied to steel parts that creates a thin adhering layer of iron, zinc, or manganese phosphates, to achieve corrosion resistance, lubrication, or as a foundation for subsequent coatings or painting. [ 1][ 2][ 3] It is one of the most common types of conversion coating.
Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron, [4] which occur when iron or some alloys that contain iron are exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time. Over time, the oxygen combines with the metal, forming new compounds collectively called rust, in a process called rusting.
The anoxygenic phototrophic iron oxidation was the first anaerobic metabolism to be described within the iron anaerobic oxidation metabolism. The photoferrotrophic bacteria use Fe 2+ as electron donor and the energy from light to assimilate CO 2 into biomass through the Calvin Benson-Bassam cycle (or rTCA cycle) in a neutrophilic environment (pH 5.5-7.2), producing Fe 3+ oxides as a waste ...
Rust and his friends continued to extract and sell specimens from the quarry until Rust's death in 1897. It is estimated that over the years 8,600 square feet (800 m 2 ) were excavated. [1] The old fossil quarry site was reopened in 1990 by Thomas E. Whiteley (also involved in the rediscovery of Beecher's Trilobite Bed ) [9] and extensively re ...
Rust converters are chemical solutions or primers that can be applied directly to an iron or iron alloy surface to convert iron oxides into a protective chemical barrier. These compounds interact with iron oxides, especially iron(III) oxide , converting them into an adherent black layer ( black oxide ) that is more resistant to moisture and ...