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Political violence is violence which is perpetrated in order to achieve political goals. [2] It can include violence which is used by a state against other states ( war ), violence which is used by a state against civilians and non-state actors ( forced disappearance, psychological warfare, police brutality, targeted assassinations, torture ...
In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Supreme Court laid out its "separate but equal" legal doctrine concerning ...
The Supreme Court Judicial review. Early in its history, in Marbury v.Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) and Fletcher v.Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810), the Supreme Court of the United States declared that the judicial power granted to it by Article III of the United States Constitution included the power of judicial review, to consider challenges to the constitutionality of a State or Federal law.
v. t. e. In criminology, a political crime or political offence is an offence that prejudices the interests of the state or its government. [1] States may criminalise any behaviour perceived as a threat, real or imagined, to the state's survival, including both violent and non-violent opposition. A consequence of such criminalisation may be ...
v. t. e. In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is an idea, theory or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. [1] Conceptualized in the Age of Enlightenment, it is a core concept of constitutionalism, while not necessarily convened and written down in a ...
Political law (or political activity law [1]) is an established legal practice area encompassing the intersection of politics and law. Political law comprises election law, voting rights law, campaign finance law, laws governing lobbying, and lobbyists. Open government laws, legislative and executive branch ethics codes, legislative procedure ...
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain. Forms of corruption vary, but can include bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug ...
Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens. [1] [2] Repression tactics target the citizenry ...