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Vitamin D deficiency is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body. [ 1][ 7][ 2] One nanogram per millilitre ( 1 ng/mL) is equivalent to 2.5 nanomoles per litre ( 2.5 nmol/L ). Severe deficiency: < 12 ng/mL = < 30 nmol/L[ 2 ...
Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D 2 or D 3, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol. [citation needed] Vitamin D 2 was chemically characterized in 1931. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D 3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
An excess of vitamin D causes abnormally high blood concentrations of calcium, which can cause overcalcification of the bones, soft tissues, heart and kidneys. In addition, hypertension can result. [ 1] Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity may include the following: Dehydration. Vomiting.
Calcifediol, also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (abbreviated 25 (OH)D3 ), [ 1] is a form of vitamin D produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. [ 3][ 4][ 5] Calcifediol can be further hydroxylated by the enzyme 25 (OH)D-1α-hydroxylase ...
Calcitriol. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney. [8] [9] [10] It is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It is a hormone which binds to and activates the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus of the cell, which then increases the expression of many genes. [11]
The only way to quantify adequate levels of vitamin D is with a serum 25(OH)D 3 (calcifediol) test. [23] In the United States, serum 25(OH)D 3 was below the recommended level for more than a third of white men in a 2005 study, with serum levels even lower in women and in most minorities.
Vitamin D is a secosteroid that plays a vital role in calcium and phosphate absorption. Recent studies show several associations between low levels of vitamin D, or hypovitaminosis D, and neuropsychiatric disorders, [1] including Alzheimer's disease, autism, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. [1] [2]
X-linked hypophosphatemia ( XLH) is an X-linked dominant form of rickets (or osteomalacia) that differs from most cases of dietary deficiency rickets in that vitamin D supplementation does not cure it. It can cause bone deformity including short stature and genu varum (bow-leggedness). It is associated with a mutation in the PHEX gene sequence ...
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