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Later in 1880, Engels used the term "scientific socialism" to describe Marx's social-political-economic theory. [4] Although the term socialism has come to mean specifically a combination of political and economic science, it is also applicable to a broader area of science encompassing what is now considered sociology and the humanities.
The term scientific socialism is used by Friedrich Engels to describe the social-political-economic theory pioneered by Karl Marx. The term was coined in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? [37] to mean a society ruled by a scientific government, i.e., one whose sovereignty rests upon reason, rather than sheer will. [38]
e. Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems [1] characterised by social ownership of the means of production, [2] as opposed to private ownership. [3] [4] [5] It describes the economic, political, and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. [6]
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was one of the best selling and most widely-read socialist publications of the period 1880 to 1910. Plans were subsequently made to adapt another section of Anti-Dühring for a popular audience, and three chapters from Part 2, each entitled "The Theory of Force," were selected for this new publication. [11]
Karl Marx's approach, which Friedrich Engels would call "scientific socialism", would stand as the branching point in economic theory. In one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities ...
Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods, consisting of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents ( Jiang Zemin ), Scientific Outlook on ...
Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. positivism and antipositivism), the primacy of either structure or agency, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity.
Passing exams in scientific communism was a necessary prerequisite for obtaining a postgraduate degree in a science in the USSR, i.e., Candidate of Sciences. Typical courses of study included the following topics, among others: Origins and development of the communist theory; Theory of socialist revolution; International communist movement