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  2. Monte Carlo method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method

    The approximation of a normal distribution with a Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle.

  3. Random number generation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation

    Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance is ...

  4. Random number table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_table

    Random number table. Random number tables have been used in statistics for tasks such as selected random samples. This was much more effective than manually selecting the random samples (with dice, cards, etc.). Nowadays, tables of random numbers have been replaced by computational random number generators . If carefully prepared, the filtering ...

  5. Inverse transform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling

    Inverse transformation sampling takes uniform samples of a number between 0 and 1, interpreted as a probability, and then returns the smallest number such that () for the cumulative distribution function of a random variable. For example, imagine that is the standard normal distribution with mean zero and standard deviation one. The table below ...

  6. List of NP-complete problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NP-complete_problems

    The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [3] : . ND22, ND23. Vehicle routing problem.

  7. Derangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement

    In other words, a derangement is a permutation that has no fixed points . The number of derangements of a set of size n is known as the subfactorial of n or the n- th derangement number or n- th de Montmort number (after Pierre Remond de Montmort ). Notations for subfactorials in common use include ! n, Dn, dn, or n ¡.

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