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2. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

   e. In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers: the base and the exponent or power. Exponentiation is written as bn, where b is the base and n is the power; this is pronounced as " b (raised) to the (power of) n ". [ 1]

3. Exponential function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

   Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by () = ⁡ or (where the argument x is written as an exponent).Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras.

4. e (mathematical constant) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)

   If the constant of proportionality is negative, then the quantity decreases over time, and is said to be undergoing exponential decay instead. The law of exponential growth can be written in different but mathematically equivalent forms, by using a different base , for which the number e is a common and convenient choice: x ( t ) = x 0 ⋅ e k ...

5. Logarithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

   In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.

6. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

   The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e0 = 1 . The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a[ 4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...

7. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

   v. t. e. Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary ...

8. Exponential decay - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay

   Exponential decay. A quantity undergoing exponential decay. Larger decay constants make the quantity vanish much more rapidly. This plot shows decay for decay constant ( λ) of 25, 5, 1, 1/5, and 1/25 for x from 0 to 5. A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.

9. Lyapunov exponent - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_exponent

   Lyapunov exponent. In mathematics, the Lyapunov exponent or Lyapunov characteristic exponent of a dynamical system is a quantity that characterizes the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories. Quantitatively, two trajectories in phase space with initial separation vector diverge (provided that the divergence can be treated ...