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For example, to multiply 7 and 15 modulo 17 in Montgomery form, again with R = 100, compute the product of 3 and 4 to get 12 as above. The extended Euclidean algorithm implies that 8⋅100 − 47⋅17 = 1, so R′ = 8. Multiply 12 by 8 to get 96 and reduce modulo 17 to get 11. This is the Montgomery form of 3, as expected.
Multiplication algorithm. A multiplication algorithm is an algorithm (or method) to multiply two numbers. Depending on the size of the numbers, different algorithms are more efficient than others. Numerous algorithms are known and there has been much research into the topic. The oldest and simplest method, known since antiquity as long ...
The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm. It was discovered by Anatoly Karatsuba in 1960 and published in 1962. [1] [2] [3] It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n -digit numbers to three multiplications of n /2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most single-digit ...
The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm is based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method of integer multiplication. This figure demonstrates multiplying 1234 × 5678 = 7006652 using the simple FFT method. Base 10 is used in place of base 2 w for illustrative purposes. The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm is an asymptotically fast multiplication ...
Booth's multiplication algorithm is a multiplication algorithm that multiplies two signed binary numbers in two's complement notation. The algorithm was invented by Andrew Donald Booth in 1950 while doing research on crystallography at Birkbeck College in Bloomsbury, London. [1] Booth's algorithm is of interest in the study of computer ...
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Generating function. In mathematics, a generating function is a representation of an infinite sequence of numbers as the coefficients of a formal power series. Unlike an ordinary series, the formal power series is not required to converge: in fact, the generating function is not actually regarded as a function, and the "variable" remains an ...
Order of operations. In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression . These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and ...