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Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε0 (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum. It is an ideal (baseline) physical constant.
μ 0 ≈ 12.566 × 10 −7 H/m is the magnetic constant, also known as the permeability of free space, ε 0 ≈ 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m is the electric constant, also known as the permittivity of free space, c is the speed of light in free space, The reciprocal of Z 0 is sometimes referred to as the admittance of free space and represented by the ...
TANSTAAFL: a plan for a new economic world order. (Pierre Dos Utt, 1949) The earliest known occurrence of the full phrase (except for the "a"), in the form "There ain't no such thing as free lunch", appears as the punchline of a joke related in an article in the El Paso Herald-Post of June 27, 1938 (and other Scripps-Howard newspapers about the same time), entitled "Economics in Eight Words".
In solid state physics, a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors. [1] Examples are electrons, ions and holes. [2] In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on these free particles, causing a net ...
The SI unit of work per unit charge is the joule per coulomb, where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb of charge. [citation needed] The old SI definition for volt used power and current; starting in 1990, the quantum Hall and Josephson effect were used, [10] and in 2019 physical constants were given defined values for the definition of all SI units.
Charge is the fundamental property of matter that exhibits electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter with charge. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e; we say that electric charge is quantized.
Abstract definition. Abstractly, a charge is any generator of a continuous symmetry of the physical system under study. When a physical system has a symmetry of some sort, Noether's theorem implies the existence of a conserved current. The thing that "flows" in the current is the "charge", the charge is the generator of the (local) symmetry group.
Pro bono. Pro bono publico (English: 'for the public good' ), usually shortened to pro bono, is a Latin phrase for professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment. The term traditionally referred to provision of legal services by legal professionals for people who are unable to afford them.